Experimental

In experimental astrochemistry, laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the chemical processes occurring in space environments. Researchers study gas-phase and solid-state chemistry by introducing reactant gases into specialized chambers and subjecting them to various energy sources to simulate radiation in space that are important for initiating or affecting chemistry in space. More specifically, experimental astrochemists investigate solid-state reactions by depositing thin layers of icy or dusty materials onto substrates and subjecting them to various conditions, such as low temperatures and UV irradiation. They study the reactions that occur on these surfaces. 

In addition to trying to replicate interstellar chemistry, astrochemists also study the compositions of sample returns from space missions such as moon rocks, planetary material, and meteorites. However, a mission to space is not always required as we have meteorite remnant samples available here on Earth.

Once experiments are complete or a sample has been gathered, experimental astrochemists employ a range of analytical techniques to identify and characterize the molecules produced in their experiments. These techniques include mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, ice-phase desorption, microwave spectroscopy, and other spectroscopic methods. These analyses provide detailed information about the chemical composition, structure, and properties of the generated molecules.

Experimental results obtained from laboratory studies are incorporated into astrochemical models and simulations. The data from experiments, such as reaction rates, product distributions, and spectroscopic parameters, are used to construct chemical networks and simulate the evolution of molecular abundances in space. These models help in interpreting astronomical observations and understanding the chemical processes occurring in various astrophysical environments.